Sand Canyon-Castle Rock Community

Archaeological Project

The Sand Canyon-Castle Rock Community Archaeological Project is conducted in the central Mesa Verde region of southwestern Colorado, in three canyons: lower and central parts of Sand Canyon, East Fork of Rock Creek Canyon and Graveyard Canyon. In these canyons there are remains of several dozen Ancestral Pueblo culture small habitation sites including well-preserved cliff dwellings with sandstone architecture preserved up to second story, isolated towers, kilns, refugee sites, as well as one large site or the community centre – Castle Rock Pueblo (Site 5MT1825). All these sites possibly functioned as a community of allied sites connected with different kind of ties during the thirteenth century A.D. In the second half of the thirteenth century most settlements were located in defensible places with limited accessibility and near water sources such as springs. There were also worsening climatic and environmental conditions, such as long-term droughts.

There are also many examples of pre-Hispanic Pueblo rock art (both petroglyphs and paintings) depicting fighting warriors, human-stick figures, a flute player, footprints, handprints, bird tracks, plants, and geometric motifs, including mainly spirals and concentric circles, and possibly also historic Navajo petroglyphs. Additionally, several of the sites had plastered walls with painted murals on them with geometric motifs, including dots, zigzags, triangles, and birds. On almost every rock art panel historic inscriptions, named and dates are also present. Our second research area is Sandstone Canyon located roughly 16 kilometres northwest from the Sand Canyon locality. There we started initially to document huge rock art panels and dated to different periods, from ca. 500 B.C. until the turn of the twentieth century A.D.; they were created by various Native American cultures and tribes, mainly pre-Hispanic Pueblo and possibly Fremont cultures and historic Utes. All these canyons are part of the Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, a legally protected area managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior.

In terms of the methodology, great emphasis has been placed on digitisation and different digital techniques of documentation, including photogrammetry (also photogrammetry from a UAV/drone) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), which have allowed us to document the rock art, especially when located in hard-to-access places like cliff alcoves and shelters. Using non-invasive techniques including also geophysics (mainly electrical resistivity and magnetommetry), we have partially or fully surveyed thirty out of around forty of the small Ancient Puebloan sites in the project research area of lower Sand Canyon. Limited excavations were also conducted in several sites in the Monument and in the areas directly attached to it. We consulted in the field rock art and architecture with several American and European scholars as well as representatives of the Hopi tribe, from the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office, Second Mesa, Arizona.

Our research has been conducted since 2011 and by the Department of American Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków (Poland) with the cooperation of American institutions, mainly Canyons of the Ancients National Monument/U.S. Bureau of Land Management and Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, both in Colorado as well as with several scholars from various scientific institutions in US. Our research was made possible mainly by the National Science Centre, Poland (grants UMO-2013/11/D/HS3/01879 and UMO-2017/26/E/ HS3/01174), as well as additional support from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center and the U.S. Consulate General in Kraków and several private companies, including Śnieżka-Invest, Polski Cukier-Krajowa Spółka Cukrowa, and international company Air Liquide.

Contact

Radosław Palonka, Ph.D.
Institute of Archaeology
Jagiellonian University in Kraków
e-mail: radek.palonka@uj.edu.pl